As edible bubbles, Menbles are designed to be affordable and highly accessible product that can be easily incorporated into our daily lives, created to be an alternative solution for people who fear seeking medical help due to social stigma and/or low drug compliance. coli Nissle which aims to alleviate CSID by producing taurine when it senses a high concentration of IFN-γ and oxidative stress. Menbles are bubbles containing our engineered E. These results strongly suggest taurine’s capability in reducing stress-induced depressive symptoms. Further mechanisms will be discussed in the Model. Moreover, we found out that taurine and its metabolites played a significant role in chronic intestinal inflammation, which could inhibit deterioration of CSID by gut-brain axis. Those tests indicate that taurine inflicits anti-depressive effect. In CSID mice models, taurine dietary has increased the L-arginine concentrations in the hypothalamus with a significant decrease in the duration of immobility in motility tests. Taurine is a semi-essential amino acid appreciated for its role in neural development and neurogenesis as a neuroprotective agent. As a result, we use these agents to develop our project. As for taurine, a kind of amino acid, it has both anti-inflammatory and ROS-scavenging effects. After surfing previous research, we found that ROS and IFN-γ are two potential biomarkers of CSID. Therefore, we try to utilize a novel synthetic biological approach to deal with this problem. However, current medication cannot effectively deal with CSID due to its difficult detection.

To sum up, depression is highly correlated with inflammatory response and oxidative stress. Chronic intestinal inflammation is strongly related to increased ROS, composed of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radical, which leads to depressive symptoms through the gut-brain axis.Excessive oxidative stress can induce neuronal inflammation, which often leads to abnormal brain function in patients with depression.The following are physiological effects caused by excessive ROS : Both neuronal OS and intestinal OS could lead to the occurrence of CSID. Oxidative stress (OS) is defined as the intracellular biological imbalance between ROS (reactive oxygen species) and antioxidants, leading to the dysregulation of redox signaling pathways. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, and TNF-α could cause depressive disorders by disrupting neurotransmitter synthesis and signal transduction.Įlevated serum levels of neopterin, as well as activation of Th1-like and Th-17-like cells, including increased production of IL-2 and IFN-γ, will activate more inflammatory cytokines production. Higher serum levels of inflammatory cytokines.Research indicates that the activation of immune-inflammatory pathways and neural-immune interactions are closely involved in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders.īelow are two immune-inflammatory pathways : Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is known to be positively correlated with depressive symptoms. Description big picture Immune-inflammatory Pathway in Depression

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